Business Ethics A Company s Attitude And Conduct Toward...

Business Ethics Business ethics can be thought of as a company’s attitude and conduct toward its employees, customers, community, and stockholders. Companies benefit from having good reputations and are penalized by having bad ones; the same is true for individuals. In this writing I will try to define Business Ethics and the history of it besides how Ethics can have effect on a given organizations reputation and also to provide real world examples to support these given views and which forms it is taking along to financial implications of those, as well as when was Business Ethics was focused by highlighting in which forms this was accomplished. When the terms of â€Å"Business Ethics† comes across my path prior to going back to the credible and reliable resources I think about trust between parties, good deeds, and to a wide extend adherence to laws. The dictionary of Investopedia website defines Business Ethics as â€Å"The study of proper business policies and practices regarding potentially controversial issues, such as corporate governance, insider trading, bribery, discrimination, corporate social responsibility and fiduciary responsibilities. Business ethics are often guided by law, while other times provide a basic framework that businesses may choose to follow in order to gain public acceptance.† Kirk O. Hanson, executive director of the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University is defining Business Ethics as: Business Ethics is the study of standards ofShow MoreRelatedDo you agree with Milton Friedman’s (1970) claim that :  « the only responsibility of business is to increase its profits  » ?2913 Words   |  12 PagesMilton Friedman’s (1970) claim that  :  «Ã‚  the only responsibility of business is to increase its profits  Ã‚ »Ã‚  ? Milton Friedman was an American economist, statistician and writer, who had a massive impact on the research agenda of the economics profession. His famous words â€Å"the only responsibility of business is to increase its profits† (Friedman, Milton. 1970) led to many controversial debates on whether businesses should have ethics or if profit should be their main  goal. Corporate social responsibilityRead MoreStakeholder Theory Of Business Ethics2209 Words   |  9 PagesStakeholder theory in business ethics reflects relationships between firms, organisation and businesses in its internal and external environment (Freeman 1984). It articulates relationships effectiveness on how firm conducts its activities. You can think of a stakeholder as a person or firm that can affect or be affected by your organisation. Stakeholders are internal or external to a business and are integral for successful and ethical business. Stakeholder approach in business ethics reflects relationshi psRead MoreCorporate Ethical and Social Responsibility2423 Words   |  10 PagesBusiness Research Report Corporate Ethical and Social responsibility Presented to: Western Governors University Assessment Code: RWT1 – Competency 318.2.2 Student Name: Richard P. Shields Student ID: 92502 Date: August 7, 2009 Mentor Name: Rungrudee Suetorsak, Ph.D. Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Introduction 4 Research Findings 5 1. Organization Environmental responsibilities: 5 2. Organizational image: 5 3. Organization Increase profits: 6 Recommendations 7 ConclusionRead MoreThe Relationship Between Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility2613 Words   |  11 Pagesyears, the concept of ethics and social responsibility are essential in the business world as society is increasingly paying attention on the social responsibility of the companies and the ethics of their managers. According to Post et al (1996), ethics refers to standards of behaviour and moral judgement differentiating right from wrong. In addition, Bartol et al (2003) defined managerial ethics as â€Å"standards of conduct and moral judgement managers’ use conducting their business†. The objective ofRead MoreManagement: Social Responsibility and Page Ref19403 Words   |  78 Pagestest and began to look forward to the extra money they could earn. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Objective: 2.1 3) One area in which most global companies are cutting back is customer service. Answer: Explanation: Most companies are recognizing that customer service is the key to their success. So they are increasing, rather than reducing, customer service efforts. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Objective: 2.1 4) A major cause of the economic downturn that began in 2008 was too much debt takenRead MoreQualitative Research Methods Essay13327 Words   |  54 Pagesof behavior, making it valid and reliable. They are five types of approaches to select within qualitative research: case study, ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and narrative research. Each research method is distinct in its approach towards inquiry within the qualitative paradigm in terms of appearance, conditions, focus, and theories (Creswell, 1998). There are also similarities in these approaches such as characteristics and assumptions concerning the context of the study. This researchRead MorePrinciples of Management: MCQ31501 Words   |  127 Pages 19. The quantitative approach to management has also been labeled process research. (False; moderate; p. 34) 20. Linear programming is a technique that managers use to improve resource allocation decisions. (True; moderate; p. 35) TOWARD UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 21. Concern for employee productivity is most closely associated with the organizational behavior approach. (False; moderate; p. 36) 22. Barnard, Follett, Munsterberg, and Owen are all theorists associatedRead MoreBus 210 Complete Minus Dqs and Powerpoint Assignments5361 Words   |  22 PagesBUS 210 WK 1 BUSINESS MODELS AND SYSTEMS I live in BLANK, FL, every morning I go and get my Starbucks coffee from the Starbucks branch not far from house. I frequent this Starbucks because it offers me free internet and it is a great place for people watching. The three main components of the Starbucks business model are business commerce, business occupation,  and  business organization. The Starbucks business commerce is trade, and the products include coffee drinks and coffee related productsRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility: Michelin Tires Case Analysis4107 Words   |  16 Pagesphilosophical approach can affect the manner in which corporations operate and who these changes may affect. 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Essay Of The Crucible And Rwandan Genocide - 1005 Words

The Crucible and Rwandan Genocide The Rwandan Genocide took place over a period of just one hundred days, and in that short amount of time over 800,000 Rwandans were killed (BBC News). The Rwandan Genocide was a mass slaughtering of the Tutsis by the Hutus, even though these two ethnic groups had coexisted in peace for many years prior. Eventually they had different ideas about who should be superior in their country, and the Hutus later used the power that they had to try and kill off the entire Tutsi population. This is similar to The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, a play known for its story about the Salem witch trials that took place in Massachusetts during 1692. In the play Miller presents different characters who use power for their†¦show more content†¦She then uses the power of being a religious child and proceeds to accuse other people in the village of witchcraft. Abigail then says, â€Å"I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! I saw Bridg et Bishop with the Devil!†(Miller 50). Abigail is able to convince everyone she is telling the truth through the use of manipulation. Manipulation is definitely a form of power and often one that is commonly abused for ones personal benefits. In this case Abigail uses her power to manipulate people into thinking people in the village are witches, and to ultimately shift any blame of suspicion off of herself and onto others. Even though it means the people who she accused could be hung for witchcraft. Abigail has lost her sense of what is wrong and what is right because she has accumulated a great deal of power, and she is abusing her power to manipulate the people within the village. The Rwandan Genocide also shows how ones moral judgement can be lost when abuse of power occurs. For example the article from BBC News reported, â€Å"About 85% of Rwandans are Hutus but the Tutsi minority has long dominated the country. In 1959, the Hutus overthrew the Tutsi monarchy and tens of thousands of Tutsis fled to neighbouring countries, including Uganda.† When the Hutus eventually overthrew the monarchy within Rwanda

Equilibrium Without Intervention America And The Free...

Equilibrium without Intervention Rebecca Dannay America and the Free Market Professor Shaanan April 7, 2016 Table of Contents †¢ Introduction of American Economy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 o Free Market System †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.3 o Problem with American Economy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....4 †¢ Government Intervention †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....5 o 2008 Bailouts †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 o Large Corporations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 †¢ Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....8 †¢ Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 †¢ Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 Equilibrium without Intervention America is believed to have a Free Market Economic System which other countries have aspired to follow. A market economy can be defined as where supply and demand drive and regulate the economy instead of government intervention. Also, we are seen as having a laissez-faire economy, which is â€Å"a capitalist society where the profit motive is given free rein and the pursuit of economic success is the top priority† (Shaanan). But how can America have a Free Market system if it has a laissez-faire economy? The difference between free market and capitalist market is; under a capitalist system, businesses are supporters of free market principles for themselves and government intervention for their competitors. To have a Free Market economy, it is assumed to possess three things: free flow of information, no barriers to competition, and direct responsibility.Show MoreRelatedThe Classical Political Economy Developed Theories And Discuss On Their Dif ferent Characteristics910 Words   |  4 PagesEconomic system in the world is mostly productive in America this is due to the constant unlimited wants of its people and the fact that most people have high standards of living (Rosefielde, 2008). An individual has different wants and at any particular time an individual can satisfy his or her wants through purchasing these goods therefore there is an unlimited wants for goods and services. In recent times people consume goods that they don’t produce they sell or provide services then the incomeRead MoreEquilibrium Of Supply And Demand1720 Words   |  7 PagesEquilibrium is important when it comes to not only maintain a successful business but to also maintain a successful economy in general. This determines the efficiency of the goods at a certain point. There are different factors that go into equilibrium such as supply and demand where the curves determine the cost to the consumer as well as the cost to supplier. Differen t costs of taxes, benefits of international trade, and externalities all go into how to maintain the supply and demand, and why itRead More The secret to success of East Asian economies Essay examples1090 Words   |  5 Pagescentralized. The antitype of this would be again the Latin American economies where both dominant and lower classes pressure the government leading to a political equilibrium which translates into a stagnant economy (Kay, 2002:p.1086). As much as can be learned from the East Asian tigers, there are also a few particular factors without which these nations may not be where they are. One major factor to the growth of East Asian economies would be the Cold War and the fight against communism. AmericasRead MoreImpact Of The Neoliberal Era And The Structure Of The Modern Financial System3397 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction The 1982 Latin America, 1997 East Asia and 2008 subprime financial crisis had a profound impact on the regional and world real economy. two sentences about how big of an impact each of them had on the real economy. These crisis have also triggered off a very fierce debate about the impact of the neoliberal era and the structure of the modern financial system. From the neoclassical perspective each of these crisis required a new model to explain past events but it always viewed the crisisRead More Chilean Economic Shock Therapy1279 Words   |  6 Pagesquintessential model of liberal restructuring in Latin America in the late twentieth century. After the overthrow of the socialist regime of Salvador Allende in 1973, Chile’s government has implemented an authoritative economic restructuring program that replaced state intervention with market incentives and opened Chile to the global economy. This four-phase process transformed the economy from highly protective industrialized to an open free market economy based on agricultural exports. The processRead MoreEconomics1654 Words   |  7 Pagesrelatively scarce resources. The basic economic problem can be define as what to produce, how much to produce and for whom to produce. Some countries are lucky to have great natural resources, whilst others do not. For example Africa and South America have little marketable resources. That means there are uneven distributions of resources. Sometimes suppliers have issues with shortage and surplus. A shortage is to do with the relationship between the amount the supplier are willing to supplyRead MoreHow A Market Economy Is An Economy1696 Words   |  7 PagesA market economy is an economy in which decisions regarding investment production and distribution are based on supply and demand, and prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system. (Alvather, 1993) Market economies may be practical, but they also rest upon the fundamental principle of individual freedom: freedom as a consumer to choose among competing products and services; freedom as a producer to start or expand a business and share its risks and rewards; freedom as a workerRead MoreThe Government Has A Positive Impact On Economic Sustainability1852 Words   |  8 Pagesinvestors, institutions, and businesses worldwide. America has adapted a free market economy, which states, â€Å"A free market is a market in which there is no economic intervention and regulation by the state, except to enforce private contracts and the ownership of property.† (â€Å"Free Market†, by Wikipedia and is governed by CC-BY-SA) Recently there has been major controversy due to those who believe it is wrong for the government to interfere with the free market. Yet at the same time many people still believeRead MoreGovernment Intervention and the Causes of the Great Depression2012 Words   |  9 Pagesrecessions support a delicate equilibrium of checks and balances, employment and unemployment. The year 1929 marked the beginning of the downward spiral of this delicate economic balance known as The Great Depression of the United States of America. The Great Depression is by far the most significant economic event that occurred during the twentieth century making other depressions pale in comparison. As a result, it placed the world’s political and economic systems into a complete loss of credibilityRead MoreEconomics Text Book Chapter Summaries21497 Words   |  86 Pageseconomic freedom and efficiency through minimization of regulations taxation and government spending equitable income and wealth redistribution reduction of poverty economic security, e.g. social security payments for retirees expansion of free trade with other countries Economic goals often involve tradeoffs e.g.: redistribution of income/wealth transfers to the poor †¢ increased taxation of the rich †¢ reduced opportunities for the rich to invest including starting new businesses

Three Major Ethical Theories - 925 Words

(A) Business ethics is the critical structured examination of how people and institutions should behave in the world of commerce. In particular it involves examining appropriate constraints on the pursuit of self interest, or for firms profit maximisation when actions of individuals or firms affect others. There are many notable theories that have been put down trying to form a guideline on how to solve the problem of what is right or wrong good or bad, below are three theories I have listed: 1. Utilitarianism Ethical Theory: J. S Mill The view of this theory is among competing alternatives one ought to do that which produces the greatest happiness overall for all concerned. A key aspect in this view is that no person’s pain or pleasure†¦show more content†¦Actions that are moral are those that are undertaken out of a sense of duty, which means you do it because you know it is â€Å"the right thing to do†. As human beings we are uniquely rational in a way that all other living creatures on earth are not. We alone reason, and our ability to reason requires us to be logical and consistent. Logic and consistency demands that we make the basic rules by which we operate into universal rules that everyone could and should follow. If you cannot do that, you are illogical and inconsistent, and you are being immoral, because you are not granting to other human beings the same freedom and the same status as a rational human being that you are claiming for yourself. From this a basic rule morality, is d erived the categorical imperative. Categorical Imperative a. Can the action be universalised For you to act morally you must act in such a way that you would want the rule you are following to be a universal one that everyone should follow. Using the same example of the cement plant above, can the company will it that any company can build death threatening factories as long as they contribute to the countries development and employment at the cost of small suburbs. b. Does the action treat people as ends not just means As humans we have reason, and have moral worth with equal claim to freely decide life choices, so one must never use a person just for their own purposes. To deny this freedom to allShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Case Study Concerning Joelle1094 Words   |  5 Pagestheir actions or decide on a particular thing on whether it is the right or the wrong thing. Ethical consideration is very important. It helps a person or a group of person understands whether the actions are right or wrong. Ethics is a very critical factor most especially when considering where the ethical standards are to applied. Aside from it, weighing results of actions or decision is also another major concern because of the fact that a person has critically analyze whose side is needed to satisfiedRead MoreEthical Views, Rules And Theory1551 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Views, Rules and Theory’s In this section I will be briefly discussing one major Ethical view, theory and model and explaining their useful applications and limitations through examples. There are four major ethical topics we have discussed in the course, in this reflection I will examine the three I see most fitting for this reflection. The three are utilitarianism, moral rights and the Theory of Justice. Utilitarianism is a view in which decisions are based on majority. The right decisionRead MoreDeontological Vs. Teleological Ethical Systems Essay examples1140 Words   |  5 Pagesthe correct duty to follow. The Teleological ethical system is the opposite of the deontological system. The teleological ethical system judges the consequences of the act rather than the act itself. It believes that if the action results in what can be considered as a good consequence, than it must be good and that the end result will justify the reason that the act was committed in the first place (Pollock, 2004). Among the teleological ethical systems are utilitarianism, ethics of virtue, andRead MoreDeontological vs. Teleological Ethical Systems Essay1163 Words   |  5 Pagesthe correct duty to follow. The Teleological ethical system is the opposite of the deontological system. The teleological ethical system judges the consequences of the act rather than the act itself. It believes that if the action results in what can be considered as a good consequence, than it must be good and that the end result will justify the reason that the act was committed in the first place (Pollock, 2004). Among the teleological ethical systems are utilitarianism, ethics of virtue, andRead MoreEthical Implications Of Ethical Issues Essay1147 Words   |  5 PagesEthical issues are becoming very essential and critical topic for examining the organization’s performance. According to Chang, (2011) nowadays, every organization has realized the vitality that ethical functionality gives to a business and need of attention to this emerging responsibility of organizations. 1.1. Growth and Ethics Consumer’s Perspective According to Shaw and Shiu, (2003) the concerns for ethical issues have been well documented in the ethical literature. They showed that thereRead MoreNormative Ethical Relativism716 Words   |  3 PagesThe objective of this essay is to provide reasons as to why normative ethical relativism provides an unattractive view on the nature of morality and why it should be rejected. In order to see this negative relationship, this essay will identify three features of this theory that makes it problematic. The first problematic feature of normative ethical relativism is based on the claim that moral principles cannot be validated on a universal level. This means that different cultures should be freeRead MoreDoing Business Ethically Or Wrong?909 Words   |  4 Pages Doing Business Ethically Imagine this scenario, you wake up one morning excited about buying a car! When you get to the dealership you re approached by Mike, the sales man. After a three hour search he finds a bank willing to help you finance the vehicle. Other major banks would not give you a loan because of your credit score and history. In his head, Mike knows that based on your income and credit report you’re not capable of making a monthly car payment but for the sake of meeting his quotaRead MoreCase Analysis : Incident At Morales1189 Words   |  5 PagesIn addition to this, a lot of funding came from other companies, engineering universities, societies, as well as individual contributors. The main focus of this video is the ethical responsibilities that engineers have to face along with the general advantages the public achieves the end. a. Ethical issues A number of ethical issues are portrayed in the video, out of which seven of these issues will be discussed. Firstly, the code of morals and instructions that come from the engineering licensingRead MoreEthics : Virtue Ethics And Ethics1351 Words   |  6 Pagespoints): 1. what is virtue ethics and what does it do that the two major ethical approaches do not? Virtue ethics is one of the three major approaches in ethics. This approach of ethics emphasizes the virtues, or moral character, in contrast to other approaches which emphasizes duties or rules. Virtue ethics has three central concepts; virtue, practical wisdom, and eudemonia, however, these are often misunderstood. The three approaches of ethics are virtue ethics, consequentialist ethics, andRead MoreThe Interpretive Approach For Communication855 Words   |  4 PagesThe Interpretive Approach to Communication In communication, there are three different approaches: social science, interpretive, and critical. All three approaches differ greatly in their paradigms, or belief systems, on how the study of communication should be approached. Of the three approaches, the Interpretive Approach is the one that suits me the best. Why you might ask? Simply put, it just makes sense. The interpretive Approach, also referred to as the Humanistic Approach, is looking at communication

Roosevelt †The Great Depression Free Essays

Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a Democrat, came from a wealthy New York family and was educated at Harvard University. He entered politics in 1910 and elected Governor of New York State in 1928 after surviving a bout of polio. The Democrats choose Roosevelt as their candidate to oppose Hoover in the 1932 Presidential Election. We will write a custom essay sample on Roosevelt – The Great Depression or any similar topic only for you Order Now During the campaign he said, â€Å"I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a New Deal for the American people†. He promised to use government money and power to rebuild the economy. Roosevelt won with a landslide victory. One of the main reasons for this was that the previous President, Hoover, had not controlled, or attempts to help the economic downfall of the United States. Hoover thought matters would right themselves and therefore took little action. In 1932 Hoover did eventually find some money to help a number of struggling banks and businesses, but he refused to set up federal relief programmes to aid the unemployed. As the Depression dragged on, a protest movement developed among the hungry and the unemployed. Many Americans had lost confidence in President Hoover and were looking for new leadership that arrived in the form of Roosevelt. Once elected, Roosevelt had many problems facing him and his party that the American people expected him to solve. * Most of the populace was unemployed. Over 12 million Americans did not have a job, and this figure was increasing by 12,000 every day. Families relied on charity to stay alive and breadlines were common in every city. * Over 1 million people were homeless. In 1932, 250,000 Americans stopped paying their mortgages and were evicted from their homes. Because of this, many became ‘hobos’ or tramps while others moved to waste ground to build huts from scraps of wood and metal, these unhealthy camps were known as ‘Hoovervilles’ after Herbert Hoover. * Total economic collapse followed – With so many people out of work the cities could not afford to buy all the food the farmers produced; and by 1932 – 1 in 2 farm owners had been evicted. * Many veterans living in poverty demanded bonuses immediately. Their annoyance at not receiving their money came to a head when, during summer 1932, veterans from all over the country went to Washington capital to protest. Many hijacked trains to get there and fought with police who tried to stop them. In June of the same year, more than 20,000 veterans had arrived in Washington and set up a Hooverville opposite the White House. Congress voted against paying the veterans their bonuses and Hoover ordered the army to evict the veterans from their Hooverville. The army thought it was necessary to bring in 4 companies of infantry, 4 troops of cavalry, a machine gun squadron and 6 tanks to disperse the veterans. In the ensuing chaos 2 veterans died and 1000 were injured. * Bank failures were another large problem. During the depression, many people with savings in the bank took the money out to stay alive. This led to new problems; small banks did not have enough money to pay their savers and went bankrupt. After a bank failed, savers with deposits in other banks rushed to take out their savings from other banks, leading to more banks going bankrupt- A total of 1616 banks in 1932. * Many people affected by the depression organised protests in hope to improve conditions. In Iowa, the farmers union organised strikes to stop food reaching markets. This aimed to create food shortage and increase food prices. Roosevelt took a tough stance towards these areas of difficulty, and in his inauguration speech he stated that â€Å"the only thing we have to fear is fear itself†. To affect change in America, Roosevelt need more power than he already had. In 1917 congress had allowed President Wilson to change laws without asking and this ‘trading with the enemy† act was still effective when Roosevelt came into power. Roosevelt realised he could use this act to speed the healing process for America’s economy. Roosevelt proposed, and Congress passed, a series of measures designed to provide relief for the unemployed and promote economic recovery. Roosevelt also hoped that the New Deal would help America’s problems by bringing about a number of long-term reforms. Two days after his inauguration on the 6th of March, Roosevelt ordered all banks to close for a long bank holiday while he and a cabinet worked out a way to solve the problem. Most Americans were glad to see Roosevelt dealing with the problem although some though he was becoming a dictator and leading America down the road to socialism. By 1933, the number of people unemployed was about 13 million. To get America moving again, these people had to have work and be earning money, allowing them buy products from others. Roosevelt decided that a program of temporary jobs should be put in place, as well as food distribution to the hungry and low-interest loans given to home-owners. Roosevelt’s most famous actions against the depression were the Alphabet Agencies; so called because all were condensed into a set of initials for ease of use. * The Civilian Conservation Corps (C.C.C.) was set up in 1933 and was a popular Roosevelt idea. Unemployed young men were given six-month jobs in the countryside working on projects concerned with forestry, flood control and soil conservation. By doing this, they received a small wage, food, clothing, and shelter. By the end of the 1930’s, two and a half million men had been in the C.C.C. * Another popular program of reform for that year was the Agricultural Adjustment Act (A.A.A.). It was designed to help farmers who were suffering from low incomes, with many being forced off their land. The government paid the farmers to grow less, which forced prices of food up. Crop prices gradually recovered, and within four years the average farm income had almost doubled. * One of the most important New Deal measures was the National Industrial Recovery Act (N.I.R.A.). This comprised of two sections; the first being the Public Works Administration (P.W.A.), which organised and provided money for the building of useful projects: schools, hospitals, roads, bridges etc. The Works Progress Administration (W.P.A.) was another successful New Deal agency that funded a number of projects to create employment, although these were on a smaller scale than the P.W.A. The other section on the N.I.R.A was the National Recovery Administration (N.R.A.) which recommended an eight-hour day, together with a minimum wage, to help create jobs. Employers who accepted these recommendations were allowed to display a ‘Blue Eagle’ sign on their goods. Over 2 million people embraced the new standards and benefited because of it; the public was encouraged to buy only from businesses that had joined the scheme. * Roosevelt’s many plans were new, and his kinds of tactics for dealing with depression was regarded as blunt by many people. His other plans however were over-shadowed when he decided to set up the Tennessee Valley Authority (T.V.A.) in order to help a poor, badly eroded region which was also prone to flooding. The T.V.A built a network of dams to control the floods and give the area a supply of cheap electricity. This attracted industry and gradually the whole region began to prosper. * Finally, in 1935, the Social Security Act provided pensions for the elderly and benefits for the unemployed, as well as providing help for dependant mothers and children and the handicapped. Roosevelt brought about partial recovery to the United States with the New Deal and ‘Pump priming’ strategy. It was not until the Second World War and the demand for American goods however, that the American economy returned to its former prosperity. How to cite Roosevelt – The Great Depression, Papers

Bacterial And Viral Infections Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Bacterial And Viral Infections Essay, Research Paper Bing portion of the Sports Medicine profession, Athletic Trainers have to be ready for anything and everything when it comes to handling their jocks. This includes acknowledgment, rating, instruction and bar of assorted jobs. One specific facet of this is holding a basic cognition of contagious diseases that is seen all excessively normally in Athletics. Some illustrations of this include Tinea Pedis ( Athlete # 8217 ; s Foot ) , Conjunctivitis ( tap oculus ) , and Tinea Corporis ( tinea ) . Although these conditions aren # 8217 ; t life endangering, they are annoying and can intend remotion from drama for the person. Early acknowledgment by the jock and Athletic Trainer means immediate intervention and loss of pattern can be kept to a lower limit. Tinea Pedis, normally known as # 8220 ; Athlete # 8217 ; s Foot # 8221 ; , is one of the most prevailing and distinguishable conditions a individual can contract. Over 10 % of the population develops Athlete # 8217 ; s Foot every twelvemonth and 75 % of the US population will hold Athlete # 8217 ; s Foot sometime in their lives ( Hamann, 1994 ) . It seldom occurs before pubescence and is found more often in stripling and immature grownup males. Tinea Pedis is normally contracted by walking barefoot on moisture 2 floors around swimming pools and public showers that are contaminated. These countries stay warm and moist all the clip and this promotes abundant growing of the Fungis. While all jocks are prone to this job because of profuse sudating on a day-to-day footing, swimmers are the beginning of a great figure of Tinea Pedis instances. Diagnosis of Athlete # 8217 ; s Foot is normally made from history and clinical scrutiny. Microscopic scrutiny of a wet saddle horse of skin scrapings in a 10 % K hydroxide solution can uncover branched fungal signifiers, therefore corroborating the diagnosing. It is largely found between the 3rd and 4th and 4th and 5th toes but may widen onto the plantar or dorsal forefoot. As stated above, moist environment promotes the growing of the Fungis and Gram-negative bacteriums that is besides present on the tegument in these countries. The normal sourness of the tegument is decreased, which favors the growing of these pathogens. Fungi ab initio damage the outer bed of the cuticle and that causes the dry and lepidote Athlete # 8217 ; s pes visual aspect. As the action of Fungi and bacteriums continue, redness additions and fluid may be excreted from the affected countries. This causes more hurting, inflammation and itchiness. If left untreated, bacterial growing could rule and take 3 to eroding of the plantar tegument. Some marks and symptoms of Tinea Pedis are damp, soft red or grey-white graduated tables on the pess, cracked, skining and dead tegument countries. Sometimes little blisters can organize on the pes and itchiness is common. There are several self-care processs for Athlete # 8217 ; s Foot. Wash pess two times a twenty-four hours and dry well. Apply OTC anti-fungal pulverization, pick or spray between toes, socks and places. Wear clean socks made of cotton or wool because the natural fibres absorb some of the wet. Change socks during the twenty-four hours to assist pess remain dry and wear places that provide some airing, like sandals. Finally alternate places daily to allow each brace air out between erosions. If symptoms do non lessen after making all of the above, send the jock to a doctor for farther rating and intervention. To decrease the odds of your jocks undertaking Athlete # 8217 ; s Foot, educate them on bar. An Athletic Trainer can depic t marks and symptoms of this status so the jocks can catch it in its early phases. They are the 1s looking at their pess every twenty-four hours. An effectual manner to halt the spread Athlete # 8217 ; s Foot is to wear sandals in cabinet suites, showers and on the pool deck. 4 Besides from the Tinea household, Tinea Corporis ( tinea ) is found wholly excessively common in jocks. Once once more males are more frequently infected than females. The beings that cause ringworm can populate in worlds, animate beings and dirt. Tinea Corporis is contracted through direct or indirect contact with tegument of an septic individual. It is besides transmitted through floors, shower stables, benches that are contaminated. A less common manner in athleticss, but a manner none the lupus erythematosus is through petting septic puppies or kitties. Athletes are really susceptible to undertaking tinea because of the organic structure to personify contact they endure on a day-to-day footing. The damp part of the lesion is powerful with the disease and that assorted with perspiration can acquire everyplace. Athletic Trainers can descry Ringworm from the Swim squad to the hoops squad. However the greatest figure of persons who get ringworm every twelvemonth in sports are the gra pplers. They have changeless close contact and fluids are spread from the septic individual, to his opposition, so his opposition wrestles another individual and so on and so on. The mats are contaminated and when the grapplers come into the Training Room, the tabular arraies are contaminated as good. The marks and symptoms of Ringworm Begin with ruddy, somewhat 5 elevated lepidote spots. The lesions are pealing shaped and new spots arise on the fringe while the cardinal country clears up. This leads to the â€Å"ringworm appearance† . A great figure of people believe there is really a worm turning under the surface of the tegument but this is wholly untrue. The fringe may be dry and lepidote or moist and crusted. Tinea Corporis is found normally in non-hairy countries like the face, bole, weaponries and legs. Treatment for this status is really similar to that off Tinea Pedis. Wash the country often with soap and H2O. Apply OTC topical anti-fungal pick to the affected country as directed. Many Training Suites are already equipped with this pick. The jock should be excluded from swimming pools and activities that could expose others, including pattern while the lesion is unfastened. If the jock must take part in pattern, make certain the country is wholly and decently covered. A bioclusive covering, patch or tape can be used to dress the country. By the clip athletes, particularly grapplers, reach the collegial degree of competition they fundamentally know if they have ringworm. Daily introspection of the jock can catch the ruddy spot in its early phases and proper attention can get down instantly to 6 prevent distributing to other teammates. There are merchandises out on the market that can assist forestall transmittal of Tinea Corporis. An illustration of this is Kenshield. It is a froth that when applied becomes an unseeable protectant and barrier. Kenshield is specifically designed for sports and won # 8217 ; t rinse off with sweat. However, these merchandises can be expensive. A 22oz. Can of Kenshild, for illustration, is $ 18.00. This merchandise International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; T merely for jocks but is highly utile in protecting Athletic Trainers themselves. In add-on to Tinea Pedis and Corporis, Conjunctivitis ( tap oculus ) is really common in Athletics. Conjunctivitis is an redness of the conjunctiva, which the name would propose. The conjunctiva is a moist, delicate membrane that lines the interior of the palpebras and covers the Whites of the eyes. The fluids in an septic oculus is highly contagious. A individual may merely hold pinkeye in one oculus but if they itch the septic one and so rub the other, the infection is that easy distribute. If an jock touches their oculus and so embrace person or touches a doorhandle, other people are at hazard of going infected. Using other athlete # 8217 ; s apparels, towels, 7 oculus make-up or dark glassess can set him or her at increased odds. Conjunctivitis can normally distribute like wildfire throughout a swimming squad because of the sharing of goggles and towels. Sometimes the inflammation that is the first symptom is normally mistaken for annoyance from the Cl in the pool. Signs and symptoms of Conjunctivitis include scratchy or painful esthesis, lacrimation, and itchy and conceited eyes. The oculus is overly ruddy, resembling a # 8220 ; bloodshot oculus # 8221 ; . The most defining mark is difficulty opening eyes in the forenoon because the palpebras are # 8220 ; crusted # 8221 ; shut from mucose. There are two sorts of Conjunctivitis: viral and bacterial. Both produce really similar symptoms but the bacterial strain symptoms appear between 24-72 hours after exposure whereas the viral strain can run anyplace from 12 hours to 12 yearss. There are non many ways to handle Conjunctivitis. Sometimes, if left untreated, can run its class in a few ye arss but a bulk opt to see a physician to have oculus beads. To forestall spread of pink oculus, promote your jocks non to portion anything that would come near to touching the oculus. Catching pink oculus in the first twenty-four hours or so and get downing intervention, the jock may 8 forestall the spreading of the infection to the other oculus or to other teammates. In decision, the Athletic Training profession plays a major function in maintaining jocks healthy and viing in the athleticss they love by holding proper cognition of different diseases and infections. Even conditions that may non look of import like Tinea Pedis, Tinea Corporis and Conjunctivitis can do an jock free valuable playing clip. By being able to place the above jobs, cognizing how they are transmitted and how to forestall farther spread, the Athletic Trainer is taking major stairss to assist their jocks and maintain them every bit healthy as they can be. Bibliography Mentions Fedukowicz, H. ( 1985 ) . External Infections of the Eye. Appleton-Century Crafts. Hyndiuk, T. ( 1986 ) . Infections of the Eye. Little, Brown and Company. Easty, D.L. ( 1985 ) . Virus Disease of the Eye. Yearbook Medical Publishing Inc. Ogilvie, S. ( 1997 ) . Symptoms and Signs in Clinical Medicine. Butterworth A ; Heinmann. Holmberg, K. ( 1989 ) . Diagnosis and Therapy of Systemic Fungal Infections. Raven Press. Hamann, B. ( 1994 ) . Disease: Designation, Prevention, and Control. Mosby. Marder, R. ( 1997 ) . Sports Injuries of the Ankle and Foot. Springer. William claude dukenfields, K. ( 1997 ) . Medical Problems in Athletes. Blackwell Science. Sauer, G. ( 1996 ) . Manual of Skin Diseases. Lippincott-Raven.

DC Power Supply Design

Question: Describe about the DC Power Supply Design? Answer: Introduction In this project, we have designed a power supply to convert standard UK mains AC supply to a 12V DC supply. The input voltage is 240V AC, which corresponds to a RMS value to 325V. Emitter Resistance concept of Transistor Model The transistor is used to stabilise the DC output voltage. This stabilisation is achieved by the use of an Emitter Resistance which provides the required amount of automatic biasing needed for a common emitter amplifier. This is the most used transistor configuration, which is also called common emitter transistor. Here, a large amount of current flows into the base of the transistor. The voltage divider circuit thus formed, is responsible for the stability. The emitter resistance provides more stability. This addition helps transistor to control the base bias using negative feedback. The DC negative feedback provides stable biasing. The AC negative feedback signal transconductance and voltage gain specifications. Sometimes, emitter bypass capacitor is also attached in the circuit, in parallel with emitter resistance, to break the frequency response of the circuit at a designated cut-off frequency. Here, the Emitter is not grounded, but kept at a small potential to provide the stability. VB = VE + VBE Emitter Resistance Current is given by, IE = (VB VBE)/RE By following this design concept, we make sure that the desired value to current is not exceeded in the load resistance in our circuit. Circuit Design and Simulation We have designed the desired circuit by using the components specified and following the emitter resistance concept. A small resistance of 10 Ohm has been added after the AC supply to protect our circuit from surge and our transformer. We see after simulations that diode breakdown voltages are never reached in the circuit, so diodes are protected. As we need a voltage output of about 12V DC, we use a 20:1 step down transformer, as can been seen by the inductor value of the transformer windings. After four diode drops, its gives a voltage of about 13.5V DC. The simulations under full load and no load conditions are depicted below with screenshots of the simulation on LTSpice. Fig. Circuit designed on LTSpice Calculations Calculation for the type of transformer 325V has to be brought down to 12V, with 4 diodes connected in the circuit, each with a drop of 0.7V. Keep a decent margin of about 1.5V above 12V required: 325/20 4 x 0.7 = 13.34V Calculation for Emitter Resistance Concept on Full Load RE = 500 Ohms VBE = 1V VB = 13.45V Thus, IE = 0.025A On no load condition, the current would be about 4A, or just a little less. To be 4A current exact, the load should be 3.3625 Ohms. Ripple The ripple (peak to peak) under maximum load = I/ (2fC) = 0.2V (as current decreases to a great amount in full load). Simulation Screenshots Simulation on full load: From above simulation, we see that the design requirements have been met. By this simulation, we see that about 1V difference occurs between full load and no load conditions. The voltage surge is efficiently prevented by the capacitance. Real Components for the Circuit As we have incorporated the values of all the components to be exact as the standard components available, the real components are same as the components being used in the circuit. The list of components are: 1. AC Supply SocketAvailable at the lab.2. Resistors: 10 Ohm, 10k Ohm, 5 OhmThey are standard value, can be bought from eBay at $0.5 each. Total cost: $1.53. Transformer (20:1)Can be bought online from about $35 from Amazon.com. The rating of voltage and current are as per our requirements. 4. 4 diode (1N4148)Can be bought from (https://www.mouser.in/ProductDetail/Fairchild-Semiconductor/1N4148/?qs=i4Fj9T%2FoRm8RMUhj5DeFQg%3D%3D) at $0.10 each. Total part cost: $0.505. Zener diode Can be bought from (https://www.mouser.in/ProductDetail/Micro-Commercial-Components-MCC/SMBJ5338B-TP/?qs=sGAEpiMZZMtQ8nqTKtFS%2fKiApRWFN7sOvQgw3Qc04zk%3d) at $0.806. Capacitors: 0.1uF and 5000uFCan be bought from eBay at $0.50 each. Total part cost: $17. NPN transistorCan be bought from (https://www.ebay.com/itm/100Pcs-2N3904-TO-92-NPN-General-Purpose-Transistor-/140846122431) at $1.56.8. Heat sinkIt is inbuilt for the transformer. For transistor, can be bought from (https://www.mouser.in/ProductDetail/Aavi d-Thermalloy/577404B00000G/?qs=sGAEpiMZZMttgyDkZ5WiuqcEpFN0QqoQKaPGubZmWpo%3d) at $0.82. Thus, the total cost of the project implementation is: $41.18 (approx.) Power Dissipation Power Dissipation in the transformer = 65W (maximum value) Power Dissipation in the transistor = 48W (maximum value) Thus, by using a proper heat sink, the temperature can be kept in control. The details about heat sink to be used has been attached with the list of the real components to be used. The heat sink used with the transformer is inbuilt, whereas those for the transistor should be externally mounted. Result and Conclusion The power supply has been designed successfully in LTSpice, which meet all our requirements, as seen from the simulations. The costing of the components used have been mentioned. The emitter resistance concept to stabilise the output has been implemented successfully. It gives a negative feedback to provide a stable current. An additional resistance has been added just after the voltage supply, before the transformer to prevent transformer from damage. This resistance have no negative effect on the circuit further. The real components have been identified, and as the components implemented in the circuit are available as it is in the market, no circuit changes has to be done according to it in the simulation software LTSpice. The price of real components have been mentioned (approximated value), and a total cost of the project if implemented on hardware, has been generated. References Amos S W James M R (1999). Principles of Transistor Circuits. Butterworth-Heinemann. Horowitz, Paul Hill, Winfield (1989). The Art of Electronics. Cambridge University Press. Warnes, Lionel (1998). Analogue and Digital Electronics. Macmillan Press Ltd. D. Renmore (1980). Silicon Chips and You. Wiley-IEEE Press. Complete Guide to Semiconductor Devices, 2nd Edition. Lilienfeld, Julius Edgar, "Method and apparatus for controlling electric current" U.S. Patent 1,745,175 January 28, 1930 (filed in Canada 1925-10-22, in US 1926-10-08). "Amplifier For Electric Currents". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Bell Laboratories (1983). S. Millman, ed. A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System, Physical Science (1925-1980). ATT Bell Laboratories. p. 102. David Bodanis (2005). Electric Universe. Crown Publishers, New York. "transistor". American Heritage Dictionary (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1992. Philco TechRep Division Bulletin, MayJune 1955, Volume 5 Number 3, page 28 IEEE Spectrum, The Lost History of the Transistor, Author: Michael Riordan, May 2004, pp 48-49 Chelikowski, "Introduction: Silicon in all its Forms", Silicon: evolution and future of a technology (Editors: P. Siffert, E. F. Krimmel), p.1, Springer, 2004 Grant McFarland, Microprocessor design: a practical guide from design planning to manufacturing, p.10, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006. Heywang, K. H. Zaininger, "Silicon: The Semiconductor Material", Silicon: evolution and future of a technology (Editors: P. Siffert, E. F. Krimmel), p.36, Springer, 2004. Kaplan, Daniel (2003). Hands-On Electronics. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 4754, 6061. Streetman, Ben (1992). Solid State Electronic Devices. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. pp. 301305. Horowitz, Paul; Winfield Hill (1989). The Art of Electronics (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 115. A.S. Sedra and K.C. Smith (2004). Microelectronic circuits (Fifth ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 397 and Figure 5.17. Daniels, A.R. (1985). Introduction to Electrical Machines. Macmillan. Flanagan, William M. (1993). Handbook of Transformer Design Applications (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. Hindmarsh, John (1977). Electrical Machines and Their Applications (4th ed.). Exeter: Pergamon. Kulkarni, S.V.; Khaparde, S.A. (2004). Transformer Engineering: Design and Practice. CRC Press. McLaren, Peter (1984). Elementary Electric Power and Machines. Ellis Horwood. McLyman, Colonel William (2004). Transformer and Inductor Design Handbook. CRC. Say, M.G. (1983). Alternating Current Machines (5th ed.). London: Pitman. Winders, Jr., John J. (2002). Power Transformer Principles and Applications. CRC. Malmstadt, Enke and Crouch, Electronics and Instrumentation for Scientists, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., 1981. Knowlton, A.E. (Ed.) (1949). Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 597, Fig. 642. Crosby, D. (1958). "The Ideal Transformer". IRE Transactions on Circuit.Theory 5 (2): 145145. Hameyer, Kay (2001). "2.1.2 'Second Maxwell-Equation (Faraday's Law)' in Section 2 - Basics". Electrical Machines I: Basics, Design, Function, Operation. RWTH Aachen University Institute of Electrical Machines. pp. 1112. Rajput, R.K. (2002). Alternating current machines (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Laxmi Publications. p. 107. Winders, John J., Jr. (2002). Power Transformer Principles and Applications. CRC. pp. 2021. Miller, Wilhelm C.; Robbins, Allan H. (2013). Circuit analysis : theory and practice (5th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Cengage Learning. p. 990. McLaren, P. G. (1984). Elementary Electric Power and Machines. pp. 6874. Terman, Frederick E. (1955). Electronic and Radio Engineering (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 15. Daniels, A. R. Introduction to Electrical Machines. pp. 4749. Billings, Keith (1999). Switchmode Power Supply Handbook. McGraw-Hill. Gururaj, B.I. (June 1963). "Natural Frequencies of 3-Phase Transformer Windings". IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems 82 (66): 318329. Pansini, Anthony J. (1999). Electrical Transformers and Power Equipment. Fairmont Press. p. 23. Del Vecchio, Robert M. et al. (2002). Transformer Design Principles: With Applications to Core-Form Power Transformers. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 1011. Engineering and Design Hydroelectric Power Plants Electrical Design. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. p. 4-1. Hindmarsh, J. (1984). Electrical Machines and Their Applications. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 2931. Kulkarni, S. V.; Khaparde, S. A. (May 24, 2004). Transformer Engineering: Design and Practice. CRC. pp. 3637.